What is tool control language

A common finding is that the two languages begin to converge, with changes to the L1 as well as the L2 e. In effect, each language begins to resemble the other, with bilinguals looking less like monolinguals in either language as cross-language contact and proficiency increase. To see these bi-directional language effects on the bilingual language system, L2 learners may need to first develop high levels of L2 proficiency.

One such situation occurs when students study abroad in an L2 environment. They tested native English speakers learning Spanish on comprehension and production tasks. Although immersed learners were matched on overall L2 proficiency to the classroom-only learners, they performed the tasks in a different way from their classroom-only counterparts. Comprehension results suggested that L2 immersion experience had changed the way the learners processed their L1.

Immersed learners also had more difficulties speaking English than classroom learners, suggesting that immersed learners suppress the native language. Strikingly, these effects on the L1 persisted 6 months after returning to the L1 environment, but only for the comprehension task. In spoken production in the L1, performance rebounded. Linck et al. These studies illustrate cross-language interaction at the level of words as well as the grammar.

Given the behavioral evidence we have reviewed, that finding may not seem surprising. When there are differences in brain activity in using the two languages, it is more likely that they arise from the requirement to engage control mechanisms that regulate the use of the more dominant language and enable the engagement of the weaker language e.

Critically, brain areas that control language overlap with areas that control cognitive functioning more generally e. Behavioral research has shown that there are correlations between the ability to switch between languages and to switch between non-linguistic tasks, suggesting that they tap into the same mechanisms of cognitive control e. An interesting observation is that language processing in multilinguals, who use more than two languages, appears to follow similar patterns of parallel activation and control as observed for bilinguals, with the relative effects of the three or more languages determined by proficiency and language dominance e.

Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that not only are control areas of the brain activated in both linguistic and non-linguistic tasks, but bilinguals appear to use these control networks more efficiently than monolinguals, even when the task is purely cognitive.

For example, Abutalebi et al. Abutalebi et al. Although comparisons of bilinguals and monolinguals are necessarily constrained by potential differences between groups, the research to date suggests that bilingualism has consequences for cognitive control beyond other factors that might also influence cognition, such as socioeconomic status e.

The differences between bilinguals and monolinguals appear to grow as individuals age and as cognitive resources become more difficult to recruit. Gold, Kim, Johnson, Kriscio, and Smith conducted an fMRI study using a non-linguistic switching task to compare younger and older adult bilinguals and monolinguals.

They found little evidence for a bilingual advantage for younger adults, but a clear effect for older adults on both behavioral and neural measures. Like the Abutalebi et al. That efficiency has been demonstrated in healthy aging bilinguals, but in what is arguably the most dramatic evidence on the cognitive consequences of bilingualism, recent studies show that in the presence of pathology, such as dementia, these more efficient control mechanisms may play an important role to protect bilinguals from the symptoms of disease e.

The pattern of cognitive consequences associated with bilingual experience across the lifespan suggests that bilinguals use language in ways that exercise brain networks responsible for cognitive control. But there may not be a single way in which the juggling of the two languages produces the observed consequences e. As Green and Abutalebi note, bilinguals who are equally proficient may differ in the demands placed on control networks depending on whether they frequently code switch between their two languages and the context in which code switching occurs.

Bilinguals often speak to others who themselves are not bilingual or not bilingual in the same languages. Being bilingual therefore requires skill in negotiating the discourse context for both speakers and listeners. The research agenda for investigating the demands and benefits associated with bilingualism is broad and complex but the implications are exciting. Judith F. Kroll, Pennsylvania State University.

Susan C. Bobb, Northwestern University. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jun 1. Kroll , Susan C. Term of the Day.

Best of Techopedia weekly. News and Special Offers occasional. Tool Command Language Tcl. Event-driven interface to sockets and files Variadic function commands and interpreted language with bytecode Error message generation on incorrect usage by Tcl commands. Arrays of values that describe command arguments are passed to the command implementation functions.

Tcl scripts house command invocations as a list of words separated by whitespace and terminated by a newline or semicolon. Unfortunately, a lot of educational institutions around the world still think APT is state of the art, and waste time teaching it. If you teach CNC machining somewhere and have any say at all in forming the curriculum, please remove this topic from the curriculum and replace it with something useful, like tooling, work holding, cutting parameters selection, etc.

Text and pics. The plough type holds by ploughing into the bottom sediment, and has good holding strength. The mushroom type sinks into the sediment but its holding power is weak, so it is used for small row boats and inflatable boats. On large ships the weight of the chain and the weight of the anchor both work together to hold the ship in place.

All Tcl commands return results. If a command has no meaningful result then it returns an empty string as its result.

Variables Tcl allows you to store values in variables and use the values later in commands. The set command is used to write and read variables. For example, the following command modifies the variable x to hold the value 32 : set x 32 The command returns the new value of the variable.

You can read the value of a variable by invoking set with only a single argument: set x You don't need to declare variables in Tcl: a variable is created automatically the first time it is set. Tcl variables don't have types: any variable can hold any value. Tcl evaluates the nested command and substitutes its result into the enclosing command in place of the bracketed text. In the example above the second argument of the second set command will be Quotes and braces Double-quotes allow you to specify words that contain spaces.

Everything between the quotes is passed to the set command as a single word. Note that a command and variable substitutions are performed on the text between the quotes, and b the quotes themselves are not passed to the command.

If the quotes were not present, the set command would have received 6 arguments, which would have caused an error. Curly braces provide another way of grouping information into words.

Control structures Tcl provides a complete set of control structures including commands for conditional execution, looping, and procedures. Tcl control structures are just commands that take Tcl scripts as arguments. The proc command takes three arguments: the name of a procedure, a list of argument names, and the body of the procedure, which is a Tcl script. Note that everything between the curly brace at the end of the first line and the curly brace on the last line is passed verbatim to proc as a single argument.