Biopower and the avalanche of printed numbers pdf

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Chemie in unserer Zeit. Vulkanizacija gume je termoreaktivni prices. The will to kow the number of primary school pu pils, their enrollments, their percentages of this and that, their spat ial distributio n: these are demanded in various French decrees of , , and so on.

A full study was first made in ; the reult was published in by the Minitere de l'nstruction Publique a Statitique des Ecoles Primaires. Conscription rates for the army will tell you, department by department, educational levels. Match them with crime levels and you will get, by , a lot of info rma tion which is absolutely-useless.

Here we find a non-chance meeting of Foucault's anatamo-politics and his biopolitics. The Annales have plenty more reports like that: Foucault does not adequately convey the sense that his report is typical of the day. Yet for all the docudrama of Pierre Riviere, the Annales are also a prime place for the new generation of French social statisticians to publish their work.

The Annales, commenced in , are the culmination of occasional publications that started in These examples are French and British. But a phenomenon should not be illustrated by such a unique and phenomenal man who created a national discipline: better to take France and England where the greatest "hero" is Farr, who was never even promote pas the grade of "Compiler of Abstracts.

Yet despite the unequalled high quality of its reords and even its analyses of the data, it did not quite know what to do with this fortuitous diamond that is the hallmark of the modern state.

Sweden is a parable. Here lie vast arrays of numbers garnered by icy pastors simply because the numbers were good in themselves. A for the rest of Europe, the German states and principalities were a little slow to start but later set the pace. Petersburg was never more than a couple of years behind. The Italian countries took up statistics later but then engaged in the greatest parody of modern Europe ever conceived.

The Italians took English and French statistical knowhow, combined it with Kantian Anthropologie, and created a criminal anthropology of which Sherlock Holme addicts have heard a distant echo. Remember how Holmes at once identifies an ear in a box? He invented the thery of correlation and regression at the same time that he bcame the originator-champion of eugenics and invented-single-handed, one might say-the practice of police fingerprinting.

It stands within a longstanding concern with war, taxation, and profit. In the early days, counting people was hard because no one knew how to do it and anyway there were no officers to do the counting if they did know what to do. Characteristically the first complete census in the modern Western world took place in Canada in February and March, There had been partial censuses in some of the French colonies as early as The Canadian census classified the inhabitants according to sex, marital status, age, and profession.

Note the time of year. There was a captive population-try leaving Quebec City on your snowshos in early Match. It would not have been possible to count, exactly, the inhabitants of Lyon or York that month.

Why did they get counted at all? The object was clear, the same object as all biopolitics until the end of the nineteenth century, and the object of the Chinese census in the s. How big is the population, and how might we influence its size? For the Canadians the dominant fear was underpopulation in the face of English expansionism.

In general, a census would tell the sovereign how to tax the subjects and how many would be available for war. The immediate effet of the Canadian census was a fantastic tax incentive for large families.

The intended, overt biop olitics never worked-and that i the rule. The census became a hallmark of the enlightenment, but always for what at first sight seem good practical purposes. There wa a biza rre debate during the eighteenth century on the falling populations of the European countries. To lower the population was to damage efficacy in trade and war. One of the chief products was the Durkheimian wing of Sciology, a response to "pathologically" falling birth rates in France.

Need I add that most of the "data" on which these scare stories were founded were mistaken? Need I add that the governmental measures taken had no intended effect? Malthus is the population analyst most celebrated of after-dinner speechmongers, but he is merely the most memorable, and perhaps the most charming, of ten thousand public voices.

I mention it because he is typical. The idea of counting the people was so well entrenched by the time of Richard Price, and before the heyday of Mal thus, that it was written into the American constitution in Was this some trifling bureaucratic aside? Not at all. It is written into Article 1, setion 2. If you were simple-minded, as I am, you could say that the second most important feature of the American dream was that the people should be counte. The overt purpose of the constitutional counting was plain enough.

It was to determine the size of congressional districts, so as to give equal representation to all free persons. People who have not recently read their constitution sometimes think that slaves did not count. On the contrary, all the other people, excluding "Indians not taxed," were figure in at the rate of of a person.

Only four questions were asked in the U. Americans were to lag behind Europeans for some time. There was no avalanche of printed numbers in America in , and indeed the number of questions had not risen much above four even by Should we speak rather of a volcanic eruption, a veritable St, Helens that covered America by ? In , questions in all were asked. In , the number of questions was 13, It developed techniques for mechanical manipulation of data.

A clever man saw that the "punch cards" invented by J. Jarquard in France, and later used in Lancashire cotton mills for the weaving of cloth, could also be used for storing and sorting other kinds of "information.

Charles Babbage is usually given credit for having invented the idea of logic-processor which would vastly speed up handling numbers. We owe the first useful and well-used computer to the Swedish inventor, Scheutz.

More recently it has come up in scholarship beyond the anxiety of influence kind of thing and proper citation: Part of that preface, including those words, was suppressed by While information technology is a relatively modern concept, the disruptive power of information has a much longer history. This research project is concerned with exploring one specific aspect of that history: The current project intends to extend this analysis further by considering the relationship between new kinds of information gathering and economic and social policy-making in the period How are people made up?

Earlier PhD work suggested that the collection of population statistics from contributed to a major re-alignment of the relationship between the core of the British state, principally parliament, and its periphery, principally parishes and counties. Hacking wrote the Introduction for the full recent translation of the History of Madness the one that got all the controversy recently, with a long reply by Colin Gordon. A conceptual critique of flying addiction. Is there a Biopolitical Subject?

Sometimes to control them, as prostitutes, sometimes to help them, as potential suicides. As we get to know more about these properties, we will be able to control, help, change, or emulate them better.

Notify me of new comments via email. BankstonHarold Barclay. And since they are changed, they are not quite the same kind of people as before. In its place new urban centres of manufacturing and industry were represented in the House of Commons for the first time. One thought was to be decisively dropped. There was no avalanche of printed numbers in America in , and indeed the number of questions had not risen much above four even by Should we speak rather of a voleanic eruption, a veritable St.

Helens that covered America by ? In , questions in all were asked. In , the number of questions was 13, The census asked only a handful of ques- tions more but did something more important. It developed techniques for mechanical manipulation of data. It later changed its name to IBM. Nor is one to think that mechanical computation is an early-twentieth- century production of counting the people. Charles Babbage is usually given credit for having invented the idea of logic-processor which would vastly speed up handling numbers.

We owe the first useful and well-used computer to the Swedish inventor, Scheutz. It was bought by a Mr. This was itself an amazing feat as the object had pieces, screws, chains, and so forth.

Here we had to do with the second caleulating machine as it eame from the designs of the constructor and the workshop of the engineer. Bryan Donkin as it had been conceived by the genius of its inventors; but it was untried. So its work had to be watched with anxiety, and its arithmetical music had to be elieited by frequent tuning and skillful handling, in the quiet most congenial to such produetions. Annuity tables may be thought of as a rather minor aspect of numbering, but in fact the selling of annuities was a chief source of capital for the nineteenth- century state.

During the Napoleonic wars, the British government had sold annuities using rates intended by Richard Price for the selling of insurance. What is good for the insurance company is bad for the seller of annuities, so not surprisingly Price's tables served in the s to bankrupt successive British governments. But following the ava- lanche of printed numbers came the census of and a computing machine to devise annuity tables which made the government safe, in atleast that respect.

It is a happy parable that the avalanche of printed numbers ends with the first real use of a computing machine to pro vide printouts. The longer-term has the traditional concern of taxation, the formation of armies, and the size of populations. I do not think these longer-term concerns had such subversive effects as occurred during the avalanche of printed numbers, or thereabouts.

You must print numbers of objects falling under some concept or other. The avalanche of printed numbers brought with it a moraine of new concepts. In he unsuccessfully urged that the U. His idea was that people fall into the following groups: first of all, edu- cated people lawyers, doctors, artists, writers, teachers, and clergy- men ; then businessinen; sailors; artisans; farm laborers; other labor- ers; domestic servants; the poor; and finally the rest, who live on private incomes.

Do you run a bath house? These acrobats had male domestic ser- ants and 87 female ones. That may make them seem a trifle under privileged. At any rate, for acrobats the nombre dindividus que chaque profession fait vivre directement ou indirecte- ment was 5, There is also a certain sort of back-bracketing, that is a putting-together of what a previous society had kept apart.

There must be a Foucaultian story to tell even here about this fugue of meldings and dividings in how to count the people who literally handle bodies.

These statisties are endlessly amusing and often make one feel that progress is not yet around the corner. It looks as if, in , one in every 11 patrons in heavy industry was a woman 47, to 4, Where did we get this fantasy that only in recent times have women joined the work force?

I is not the categories of workers that I wish to emphasize, but rather the very idea of categorizing them—albeit eccentricallyaccord- ing to their role in the work force. But working is not the only basis for counting, I have mentioned the nosology of William Farr, He designed an increasingly countable list of diseases.

Thus the aim was a standardized list of diseases. This nosology is ancestor of the international list of diseases published by the World Health Organization and revised every few years. This isthe third in a sequence of classification principles isued by the American Psy, chiatric Association. Its aim is to produce a nation- ally standardized classification of mental disorders, not in terms of their causes but in terms of the ability of practitioners from different ideologies to agree on the classifications into which patients fall The American Psychiatrie Association is currently pressing the World Health Organization to adopt DSM-III.

Then everyone in the world will have to be classified in the same way. A diagnostic and statistical manual was just what the contributors wanted. They presented endless schemes of elassification, and the people entering and leaving the French asylums were all properly checked off according to the weird array of complaints that they were judged to have.

There are two vectors in the invention of categories of complaints. In this paper I have emphasized one: the fetishism for counting, which brings with it the need for easily applied categories in terms of which to count.

NOTES 1. New York: Random House, , Pp. This phenomenon was di "i to my attention by Dr. Anne Fagat, in drat of het gistitation, L'Esplication cawale de lo mort It will be published in English by Reidel in Harald Westergaard, Contributions tothe History of Statistics, London, , Tal here counting something like what philesophers call types, rather thas tokens. Tid, p13, 7. Pb, p. June , pp. For the ear photographs, see the Alburn for this volume, Melun, More From anton.